From a climate problem to a useful resource
CO₂ emissions and fossil‑based plastics are two challenges that often get tackled separately. The “CO₂ → PHA” approach connects them by using captured CO₂ from industrial sources as a starting point to make PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates), a bio‑based polymer intended to help replace plastics produced from fossil fuels, support a circular economy, and reduce the wider impacts linked to persistent plastic waste (including microplastics).
For CO₂ emitters, this means your off‑gas does not have to be ultra‑pure to be considered: mixed gas streams may be usable, as long as they do not contain components that are toxic to the bacteria (and higher CO₂ concentration still helps). In practice, this can lower the barrier to collaboration by reducing how much extra gas‑cleaning infrastructure may be needed and by allowing a wider range of emission streams to be considered for conversion into PHA.
Meet PHA: a bio based alternative
PHA is a family of bio based polymers. In ECOFUNC’s work, this includes P3HB, PHBV, and potentially new PHA types.
For end users, the point is not the chemistry. It is what the material can do. Key properties include melting temperature, flexibility, and mechanical/tensile performance, which influence how the material can be processed and how it behaves in real products.
End of life is described around composting: the material is designed to biodegrade under compost conditions, with full degradation under compost conditions in ~2–5 years (designed for those conditions).
So how does captured CO₂ turn into this material? At a high level, it’s a three step journey: prepare the starter culture (“seed”), run a fermentation where microbes build up the polymer, then extract the PHA.
This isn’t a theoretical idea – microbes can naturally “feed” on CO₂ and store that carbon inside their cells as PHA, which is then recovered and used as a material. In that kind of gas based fermentation, the details of how gases are supplied make a real difference: keeping oxygen at the right level is crucial, because it directly affects how well the microbes grow and how much PHA they build.
In ECOFUNC’s case, the core innovation is focused on the fermentation facility and process, particularly the challenge of hydrogen fermentation and working with different co substrates.
From pilot testing to real world fit
ECOFUNC is already validating this approach beyond the lab, using 150 L and 420 L bioreactors. Right now, the priority is making the system work reliably and scaling it up, rather than maximising output, so production is expected to stay below 10 tonnes per year while development continues. The team also reports they can run production continuously under normal conditions, while improving operability and advancing scale up.
- Who it’s for: materials users and brands looking for practical, lower carbon material options.
- A good fit when: the use case needs material that is easy to shape (plasticity) and biodegradable.
Instead of viewing CO₂ only as a waste to manage, this approach shows how it can become part of the solution, supporting a shift towards materials that help lower the climate impact of products over time.
Want to collaborate?
If you are a CO₂ stream owner, a brand, or a materials user interested in application trials, this is a strong moment to connect and explore pilot collaborations.

